At the onset of the income tax, realized gains were taxed at the same rates as other income--up to 77% during the World War I period. When the Republicans regained the White House after the war, however, the maximum capital gains rate was set at 12.5%--half the regular top rate of 25% from 1925 to 1931. The top regular rate rose to 63% in 1932, but the 12.5% top capital gains rate was briefly retained.
The onset of the Great Depression and public disillusionment with stock speculation of the Roaring Twenties, however, led to increased capital gains tax rates in the 1930s. For a short period, realized gains were taxed under a complicated schedule that taxed gains from very short-term investments in full, but excluded as much as 70% of gains from sales of assets held for more than 10 years. This system was widely criticized as unwieldy and complex, and in the early 1940s it was scrapped. For the next 25 years, taxpayers had the option of excluding half of their capital gains or paying a maximum rate of 25% (useful to those whose regular tax brackets exceeded 50%).
In the late 1960s, the special 25% maximum rate was repealed. In conjunction with other tax changes, the top capital gains rate rose to about 39% by the mid-1970s. Then in 1978, congressional Republicans joined by a substantial minority of Democrats pushed through a major capital gains tax cut. Reluctantly signed by President Carter, it lowered the top rate to 28%, by excluding 60% of realized capital gains from tax. The 1981 cut in the top regular tax rate on unearned income reduced the maximum capital gains rate even further, this time to only 20%--its lowest level since the Hoover administration.
In conjunction with sharply increased depreciation write-offs in 1981, the 1978 and 1981 capital gains tax cuts caused a proliferation of tax shelters. Unneeded, unprofitable and often empty office buildings sprung up all across the country in response to the new tax subsidies (helping set the stage for the savings and loan crisis later in the decade). Esoteric capital-gains-based tax shelters in items like collectibles, freight cars and llama breeding abounded. Tax-shelter "losses" reported on tax returns jumped from about $10 billion a year in the late seventies to $160 billion a year by 1985. And since the goal of most of the shelters was not only to defer taxes, but to convert ordinary income into lightly-taxed gains, reported capital gains jumped as well.
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